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PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF SMOKING AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN NAIROBI
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Objectives: To determine the prevalence of smoking and investigate factors that may
influence smoking behaviour in secondary school students in Nairobi.
Design: Cross-sectional survey in which a self-administered questionnaire was issued to the
students.
Setting: Sampled public and private secondary schools in Nairobi.
Participants: All the students in the selected secondary schools were included in the study.
Results: Five thousand, three hundred and eleven(74. 1%) secondary school students were
covered. There were 3658 boys and 1653 girls in the study. The mean age was 16.7 years SD
± 1.48. The study covered 3065(77.3%) and 2246 (70. 1%) of the public and private school
students respectively. A total of 1709 (32.2%) were ever-smokers. The overall rate of eversmoking
by gender among the students was 38.6% of males and 17.9% of the females.
Experimentation with smoking started at five years and regular smoking at 10 years but
majority of students (72.2%) started at between age 12 and 16 years. Parents’ and teachers’
smoking habits influenced initiation of smoking by young children while peer pressure,
advertising and type of school influenced older children to smoking. About 67% of the eversmokers
stopped the habit giving various reasons. There was a strong relationship between
age of smoking initiation and stoppage. Majority of the students smoked either to enhance
their personalities or for stimulation. Most students smoked less than five cigarettes per day.
General shops, kiosks and cigarette stalls which sell cigarettes in both packets and single
sticks were the main source to students. Students smoked mostly in the evening and at night.
Most student smokers were not discouraged by health warnings on the cigarette packets and
awareness of the dangers of smoking. Enforceable legislation that would ban advertising and
make smoking illegal was the main recommendation from the students.
Conclusions: Smoking is a problem among Kenyan students. The habit starts quite early in
life. Peer pressure, advertising, type of school and age influenced smoking among the
students. Banning the sale of cigarettes in single sticks is recommended. Anti-smoking
campaigners and specially trained school teachers should encourage attitude shaping among
school children towards self confidence and adequacy.
Objectives: To determine the prevalence of smoking and investigate factors that may
influence smoking behaviour in secondary school students in Nairobi.
Design: Cross-sectional survey in which a self-administered questionnaire was issued to the
students.
Setting: Sampled public and private secondary schools in Nairobi.
Participants: All the students in the selected secondary schools were included in the study.
Results: Five thousand, three hundred and eleven(74. 1%) secondary school students were
covered. There were 3658 boys and 1653 girls in the study. The mean age was 16.7 years SD
± 1.48. The study covered 3065(77.3%) and 2246 (70. 1%) of the public and private school
students respectively. A total of 1709 (32.2%) were ever-smokers. The overall rate of eversmoking
by gender among the students was 38.6% of males and 17.9% of the females.
Experimentation with smoking started at five years and regular smoking at 10 years but
majority of students (72.2%) started at between age 12 and 16 years. Parents’ and teachers’
smoking habits influenced initiation of smoking by young children while peer pressure,
advertising and type of school influenced older children to smoking. About 67% of the eversmokers
stopped the habit giving various reasons. There was a strong relationship between
age of smoking initiation and stoppage. Majority of the students smoked either to enhance
their personalities or for stimulation. Most students smoked less than five cigarettes per day.
General shops, kiosks and cigarette stalls which sell cigarettes in both packets and single
sticks were the main source to students. Students smoked mostly in the evening and at night.
Most student smokers were not discouraged by health warnings on the cigarette packets and
awareness of the dangers of smoking. Enforceable legislation that would ban advertising and
make smoking illegal was the main recommendation from the students.
Conclusions: Smoking is a problem among Kenyan students. The habit starts quite early in
life. Peer pressure, advertising, type of school and age influenced smoking among the
students. Banning the sale of cigarettes in single sticks is recommended. Anti-smoking
campaigners and specially trained school teachers should encourage attitude shaping among
school children towards self confidence and adequacy.
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