In vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activity of extracts of selected Kenyan medicinal plants

Abstract

Background: Malaria is one of the most important parasitic diseases in the world. It remains a major public health problem in Africa and is responsible for the annual death of over one million children below the age of five years. The Plasmodium falciparum is the most widespread etiological agent for human malaria and has become increasingly resistant to standard antimalarial drugs. Therefore, this necessitates a continuous effort to search for new drugs, particularly with novel modes of action. The medicinal plants have invariably been a rich source for new drugs and some antimalarial drugs in use today (quinine and artemisinin) were either obtained from plants or developed using their chemical structures as templates.

Objective: The aim of the study was to screen seven selected medicinal plants from Kenya for antimalarial activity.

Materials and methods: Twenty one (21) extracts from seven plants: C. myricoides, C. abyssinica, A. racemosus, A. remota, C. edulis, S. princeae and L. calostachys were selected for in vitro antimalarial screening out of which 10 extracts with good activity in vitro were tested further in a mouse model. In vitro antiplasmodial testing was done by measuring ability of the test sample to inhibit the incorporation of radio-labelled hypoxanthine into the malaria parasite. In vivo bioassay was done in mice using Peter’s 4-days suppressive test.

Results: From the results achieved, 10 out of the 21 extracts tested, exhibited antiplasmodial activity, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 6.93μg/ml to 88.4μg/ml. when tested in vivo one of the extracts had high activity with chemosuppression of 82.17%, while the rest ranged between 39.93% and 61.86%.

Conclusions: The activities observed especially with the methanol extracts indicate that these plants deserve to be investigated further as potential antimalarial agents.

Keywords: Medicinal plants, Extracts,  Antiplasmodial activity